HOW WOULD YOU FEEL

I am a stray bird wondering around the neighbourhood. Nature is my lucky solace in which I feed. Flora is my stand on whom I perch for a rest but without a nest and a home, I am left alone  to my fate at dusk in search for a place to roost. As I wander and wander I only wish to ask, how would you feel if you were me.

I got five pairs of African footwear from my parents. I kept undermining them and felt so inferior. One day, I wore the best of the five (after much hesitation) to a party. just on entering the party house, I met a beggar in tattered clothes begging to feed on leftover food from the party. He called out to me for some coins. As I bent over to give him a couple of pesewas, I realised he had no feet and as I stared down at his legs he whispered, HOW WOULD YOU FEEL if you were me.

I am a law professor. Very respected and highly favoured. I earn a very good salary and run a fat bank account. My fame is internationally acclaimed and I have met practically everybody that is to be met in politics, business, entertainment and sports. After a hard day’s work I come home to my multi-million dollar mansion fitted with all the state of the art gadgets. One day at the end of the month, I came home to meet a mail from my bankers. I ripped it open and it was my financial standing for the month. As I pondered on what I could be doing with all that money, my mind raced down to how I lost parents, my wife and kid in a tragic accident. How I wish I could spend my money with my family but here I am with no family. HOW WOULD YOU FEEL if you make so much wealth but have no family to spend with.

I am a single mother. I worked my strength down just to get my only son to university to become an engineer. I sold practically everything I had just to pay for all sorts of fees. I sold my television to buy pamphlets. I sold my last pair of shoes just to fare myself to see my son in school. My extreme joy was to see my son smile and he was extremely happy when we spoke about how the future will pan out and how he will make me enjoy his money. Then came my sons last day in school and he messaged me that he will be coming home the next day. My joy knew no bounds as he also told me a big company in the capital had sought his services and put him on a very good salary. I killed my last cockerel to make a special meal for my son and I on a special homecoming. That fateful Thursday came and Akwasi my son arrived. He was all over me and I was just shedding tears of joy. After about thirty minutes with me, Akwasi  asked me to keep the food as he had to be on the next available bus to Kumasi to be part of a special graduation Party organized for his best friend Ato.  After a little hesitation I allowed him to go as he would always come back to me.  Around 6:00pm, I had a call on my rickety phone which even could not even hold on for a conversation. After trying and holding it up with an adhesive tape I was able to speak to the caller…….it was a shrill voice that seeked to confirm my identity. Being satisfied, the caller said………”I found your details in his pocket. Am…am…am sorry your son was….was….was…was… was killed in an accident on the highway. Please come to the hospi”……………………………………the line dropped and the story goes on and on. I will just take a pause and ask. If you were me, HOW WOULD YOU FEEL?

How would you feel if you never remember whatever you spend hours to learn?

How would you feel if you are the black sheep wherever you go?

How would you feel if you are always to blame for everything?

How would you feel if you stayed jobless for the rest of your life?

How would you feel if you were homeless?

How would you feel if you had no family and friends.

How would you feel if you were the most unproductive person?

How would you feel if you had no feet?

TO APPRECIATE YOURSELF AND LIFE, JUST IMAGINE YOURSELF IN A WORSE SCENARIO

THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN DEVELOPING A MODERN STATE

Every state in the world is categorized as per factors and levels of development attained. Deveolpment is  not an end factor in itself and there is always room to continuosly improve on the developmental status of a country. This is as a result of constant emerging technology to satisfy ever increasing needs of humans(who make up the state). In essence development is an act in progress at any point in time. Levels of development has culminated in tags such as developed countris, developing countirs and under develoed  countries.

For  a state to develop to modern status means that  state has attained soverenty that is recognized and accepted as one on its own with the responsibity of protecting and acting in the interest of  its citizens and cooperate on such a level with other sister states in areas of mutual interest. Such a state has the absolute right to set up institutions and parameters to maintain law and order and push  the developmental agenda of the state. Put in a more scholarly manner, http://wiki.answers.com describes modern state as one that has organized territory with definite geographical boundaries that are recognized by other states. It has a body of law and institutions of government.

The modern nation state is dependent on the loyalty of citizens. The state offers protection, order, justice, foreign trade, and facilitations of inner state trade in exchange for this loyalty.

The ultimate goal of any modern sate is the quest to push a development agenda forward.  Such developmental agendas are a whole and comprehensive  policy that aims to move the state from one stage to another towards creating a more sound  and fulfilling state for the entire citenzenry.

With the modern state and the need and call to develop now established, the scope of this write-up is thence put into perspective herin that, it will take a compehensive look at the role culture plays in the developmental agenda of a mordern sate preceding the whole discussion with a brief perspective on culture in general terms and hedging it on its importance snd influence on development.

Culture is an embodiment of a people which runs through the  very thread that holds them together. It can also be said that it is the way of life of a particuler group of people who identify with each other. It manifests in several aspects such as the arts, food,dance,costume, language  among others. Cuture is so unique and dynamic to a partuicular group of people.it easily creates a sence of identity and belonginess and is as a result of long standing traditions of practice and socialization.

The Mirriam Webster collegiate dictionary defines culture as  customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; also : the characteristic features of everyday existence (as diversions or a way of life} shared by people in a place or time . This leads to my question that pours open the main hinging point of discussion- ‘how then does culture play a role in the development agenda of a modern sate’?

Local culture provides a sense of identity for rural communities and residents. This identity facilitates common understandings, traditions, and values, all central to the identification of plans of action to improve well-being. Culture contributes to building a sense of local identity and solidarity. It influences the confidence rural communities have for coming together to address specific needs and problems. This local commitment among residents, regardless of economic or political conditions, can serve as a valuable tool in shaping the effectiveness of development options and local actions. Such commitment, based on culture and common identity, can be seen as a potentially important tool in sustaining local government, development, and social improvement efforts.

A very well managed local culture could be very well managed for development in the tourism sector of any modern state. The tourism sector deals excusively with the preservation of culture, its artifacts, infrastructure, food language  etc. Therfore, if these are harnessed well, manageed and incorporated in the development agenda of a state, it will really reap masssive development to aid the overall forward push of the country. This concept has been very much adopted by the kenyans and South Africans to boost their economies and it has a massive impact on their development

Also a keen study of todays changing world and its perculiar developmental needs have given rise to assertions that cultural identities should be a basis for segmentation and teritorial development. This should be in opposition to the conventional government led wholesale development stategy. With the latter, development strategies put in place might not necessarily suit  all sectors. On the other hand if the communities are allowed to spearhead their development as per their cultural perspectives, it will greatly accelrate development and contribute to the complex developmental needs of these times.

Culture should also have a role in creating a national identity as a whole in the development of a nation. Archetectural designs shouls encompaass local artifacts and crats to create a sense of belongingness. National banquets should serve local foods. Local languages should be thought and promoted. Local clothes should be patronized and all these will push the nation forward. The chinese do that and they are on top. The Indians do it and theyare on top. The United States of America and the United Kingdom all do it and they are developing so fast.  All modern states can all do it too.

As i conclude this piece I would like to emphasize that the role of culture in development is enormous and cannot be overlooked if any meaningful progress is to be made in development and the safeguared of national heritage.

African viewpoint: Jammeh, Aids and infertility

 

 

In our series of viewpoints from African journalists, former BBC Focus on Africa deputy editor and Ghanaian government minister Elizabeth Ohene recalls meeting The Gambia's President Yahya Jammeh, who was re-elected last week, after he seized power in a coup in 1994.

As I followed the election news coming out of The Gambia last week, my mind invariably went down memory lane.
It came as no surprise that President Yahya Jammeh was declared winner with 72% of the vote, giving him a fourth five-year term.
Seventeen years ago when Mr Jammeh - then aged 29 - staged a coup that overthrew The Gambia's first President Sir Dawda Jawara, I went to report from the country and I met the fresh-faced young man who sounded like all the other young military men in Africa at the time.

Continue reading the main story

“Start Quote

Seventeen years ago he hadn't yet acquired all the titles that are now obligatory adjuncts to his name but he already certainly had illusions of grandeur”

End Quote

Mr Jammeh's inspiration and role-models were Jerry Rawlings of Ghana, Valentine Strasser of Sierra Leone and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya.

I had a memorable interview with him then and again in 1996 when he was under intense diplomatic pressure to return the country to constitutional rule.
I remember he tried to sound confident and even authoritative but every once in a while his nerves failed him.
And last week, when BBC Focus on Africa's Umaru Fofana asked him if he would accept defeat if he lost, Mr Jammeh asked if he looked like a loser, to applause from the crowd around him.
Back in 1996, a few of the friends that he started out with had already fallen out with him and I took a deep breath when someone in the capital, Banjul, told me I should be careful and not think that I was protected by my BBC badge.
'Murders'
A quote from my old notebook reads: "If he thinks you are threatening his position, you will disappear."
I don't remember what I made of that warning but I recall being more amused than frightened by Mr Jammeh's antics.

Post-independence leader Dawda Jawara (l) was toppled by Yahya Jammeh

Fast forward to the year 2005, when a group of 44 hapless Ghanaians and nine other West Africans were to experience what happens when the president of The Gambia is perceived to be under threat.
The security forces arrested and killed them, suspecting they were mercenaries when they were, in fact, migrants trying to make their way to Europe.
Mr Jammeh eventually paid $500,000 to Ghana in compensation for those murders.
Seventeen years ago he hadn't yet acquired all the titles that are now obligatory adjuncts to his name but he already certainly had illusions of grandeur.

Continue reading the main story

President Yahya Jammeh

• Overthrew The Gambia's first president as a 29-year-old army lieutenant in 1994
• Has won four widely criticised elections
• Accused of not tolerating opposition or independent journalists
• Claims he can cure Aids and infertility with herbal concoctions
• Warned in 2008 that gay people would be beheaded
• Eight men sentenced to death last year after being accused of plotting to overthrow him

You had to be blind not to see that he would be better for The Gambia than Mr Jawara was, Mr Jammeh told me.

His belief that The Gambia has achieved more during his 17 years in office then during 400 years of British rule must have occurred to him later.
When I heard Umaru's interview with him, he came across as unabashed, unapologetic and indeed quite proud to say that The Gambia was "hell for journalists" - even in those early days journalists were not his favourite people and some learnt the hard way not to upset the young leader.
The bit I couldn't have predicted was Jammeh the healer. Not only did he announce in 2007 that he had discovered a herbal cure for HIV/Aids, he now has a cure for infertility as well.
The government's official website carries reports of barren women being kept in villages for the president's wonder cure.
Aged 46 and with no apparent likelihood of Gambians being tempted to lose their marbles at polling booths, the chances are His Excellency Sheikh, Professor, Alhaji, Doctor Yahya AJJ Jammeh will be around for a long time as President and Commander in Chief of the Republic of The Gambia.
The Arab Spring might find it difficult to cross the Sahara desert.
In West Africa, our weather pattern does not include spring - we have only dry and rainy seasons.
I only wish I had the opportunity to interview him again. I suspect he won't talk to me now.





RECORDED BY ME OF ELIZABETH OHENE(former government minister) for the BBC WORLD SERVICE

MY TAKE ON LIBYA and the arab revolutionary world

HARLOW’S PUBLIC RELATIONS DEFINITION AND WHAT IT IS

Rex Harlow, considered by many in the public relations world as one of the best things to happen to the profession defines

Public relations as the distinctive management function which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its publics; involves the management of problems or issues; helps management to keep informed on and responsive to public opinion; defines and emphasizes the responsibility of management to serve the public interest; helps management keep abreast of and effectively utilize change, serving as an early warning system to help anticipate trends; and uses research and sound and ethical communication as its principal tools. (CCB, p.4, Harlow)

Critiquing and relating this definition to what public relations is all about, words such as distinctive, management function, establish, maintain, and mutual will be interrogated in the perspective of Public relations..

As per the definition, the word distinctive goes to give credence to the fact that Public relations even though correlates with other fields, it stands out because its core and nature is like no other of the allied professions.

Public relations as a management function as in Harlow’s definition and any other public relations template shows that public relations should be embedded in the management of a company without hindrance from any bureaucracy whether internal or external. The public relations department should have direct input in the management of the company.

Picking on “establish and maintain”; These  words lay importance to the fact that public relations people need to create relationships and go on to keep them intact for the benefit of the organization and its publics which is a mutual stand.

Zooming into what public relations is all about, it is the conscious creation of a mutually beneficial relationship between an organization and its publics for a two way continuous flow of information.

ADINKRA- IMPORTANT COMMUNICATION TOOLS

Communication is the sending and otherwise receipt of messages (information) from an identified source to a receiver for shared meaning to be attained. By virtue of this blanket definition, communication is an everyday occurrence as human existence cannot operate in a vacuum.

The more people keep interacting with each other and expect to gain responses to inform their actions, communication is said to occur.

Put in a more scholarly context, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ defines communication as the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.

The adinkra symbols are very perculiar. They are visual symbols that originated from the asante people of ghana and also the Gyaman of Cote d'Ivoire in West Africa. These symbols have been (and still) used to represent concepts and convey messages.

Adinkra are used extensively in fabrics, pottery, logos and advertising. They are also incorporated into walls and other architectural feature
As the ultimate aim of communication is to convey  messages and attain a shared meaning, Adinkra symbols can be classified as an important tool of communication.
These symbols are employed a lot by large outdoor advertisers to send out clear cut messages to their target audiences. For example in ghana, Vodafone ( a multinational moble phone Company) uses a lot of adinkra symbols in their outdoor advertising just to

convey the message that they share the ghanaian values of their local customers.  Also huge achetectural buildings incorporate them in their designs not only to convey a message of beauty but to convey a message of being indegenous.
Adinkra symbols such as Gye Nyame, Sankofa, owuo akwedie are also used in the fashion industry,religion and culture. In the fashion industry these symbols are inscribed on cloths to convey specific messages. For example the ‘Gye Nyame’ which means except God  symbolises the wearer’s believe in the supremacy of God.  It is also common to see ‘Owuo akwedie’ (death ladder) imprinted on  funeral cloths just to send the message that every human being will one day climb the ladder of death.
In culture, they are used as symbols of greatness and identity of clans and other groupings. By their very nature, they convey instant messages and are a great tool of communication. The very word ‘NKRA’  that holds the word ‘adinkra’ together means ‘message’ so it is by no accident that it is a very important communications tool.


BACP2014022

THE REVOLUTION AND DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPANT MEDIA THEORIES

AS PRESENTED BY

LEVEL 100 MASS COMMUNICATION CLASS                 GROUP SIX

MEMBERS

OSEI WIREKOAA IRENE……………BACJ2014062

MUSTAPHA SAFIA…………..BACP2014027

MPARE RITA OHENEWA ……..BACJ2014053

LANSAH SULLEY………………..BACP2014022

This presentation will take a look at the revolutionary media theory as well as the democratic participant theory, bringing out their nature and strengths.

 Revolutionary concept is a normative theory describing a system in which media are used in the service of a revolution. A revolution is described as a popular uprising against an existing system. There have been revolutions all over the world and the type of media that served under such revolutions give credence to the revolutionary media theory. We will like establish the context that every media theory has a bearing of the political system under which it thrives therefore we proceed to give examples of revolutionary media theories and how they pan out with emphasis on the soviet communist theory.

The soviet –communist theory is an example of  a revolutionary theory. To understand the nature of this media theory, one needs to understand soviet communism as a political system because of  it’s influences on the media .

The Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defined Communism as   a theory advocating elimination of private property. It goes on further to explain a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed
 a doctrine based on revolutionary Marxian socialism and Marxism-Leninism that was the official ideology of the USSR. it is also important to  explain Maxism.

Marxism was defined by the same source as the political, economic and social principles and policies advocated by Marx, especially a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society. Marxism-Leninism was defined as a theory and practice of Communism developed by Lenin from the doctrines of Marx. 

With this system, the state is the authority that redistributes all resources equally for the citizens to benefits. Resources such as healthcare, education and information are all the preserve of the government.

 In the former Soviet Union, a single political party controlled the government, which in turn controlled the goods and means of production, and thus distributed them to the proletariat, or community.

  The person who used Marxs ideas to establish a state based on Communism was Vladimir Lenin.  Lenin felt the working class could not bring about a revolution and thus needed a professional group of revolutionaries to guide it. Lenin and the Bolsheviks (Majorityists) came to power in 1917 and changed their name to the Communist Party. A dictatorship was established to convert the Soviet Union from Capitalism to Socialism (Britannica Online). 

 Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin, forcibly accomplished the transition from Capitalism to Socialism through the nationalization of industry and the collectivization of agriculture. Stalin pushed rapid industrialization although it caused great material hardship. He also used police terror to suppress opposition (Britannica Online). 
 Communism spread after World War II, when the victorious Soviet Red Army liberated and sponsored the formation of Communist governments in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and North Korea. Other independent communist regimes were created in Yugoslavia and Albania. Stalinism, Stalin’s form of Communist rule, became the model for these newly formed Communist governments (Britannica Online). 

This is the system under which the soviet communist media theory thrived. This theory is derived from the ideologies of Marx and Engel that "the ideas of the ruling classes are the ruling ideas". It was thought that the entire mass media was saturated with bourgeois ideology. Lenin thought of private ownership as being incompatible with freedom of press and that modern technological means of information must be controlled for enjoying effective freedom of press.

The theory advocated that the sole purpose of mass media was to educate the great masses of workers and not to give out information. The public was encouraged to give feedback as it was the only way the media would be able to cater to its interests.

 Mickiewicz (1988) found that the media in the Soviet Union had distinctive and officially prescribed functions.  The primary mission of the media, according to Mickiewicz, was the socialization of the person receiving the message. So, the media were educators, just as schools, the courts of law, the family and other institutions of education. In the Soviet Union, Mickiewicz found that education was the primary mission for all of these aforementioned institutions because they have a delegated authority from the state to socialize and educate according to the established criterion (p. 27). The source of this authority dates back to Lenin and his premature revolution according to orthodox Marxist theory. Marx believed the revolution would occur when the proletariat was in a state of commonality, when common social bonds united them, eliminating deviance, dissatisfaction, selfishness and acquisitiveness. Since Lenin’s revolution occurred before this state of commonality of the proletariat, Lenin believed the changes in the popular mentality had to be changed from a higher authority, and thus the imposition of a delegated authority to socialize and educate (Mickiewicz, p. 27). 
 The media had several functions in the USSR One function was to integrate the expansive, multi-lingual country that was to be the first socialist state. Overall, the medias task had two principal dimensions, according to Mickiewicz. First, the media had to change the ethical and moral outlook of the population. She said of this dimension: The psychological orientation underlying the society of the future, when full communism has been achieved, requires cooperation and collectivism and eschews selfishness, careerism, greed, and, in general, the development of an individual that might supersede the societal collective (p. 28). The second dimension of the medias task was to rouse the population to contribute to the economic goals of the state. Thus, mobilizing the population to meet production goals became a critical role of Soviet media (Mickiewicz, p. 28). The media were used to mobilize the public to achieve the goals of the state: Communism would only be met when the population’s internal value system had changed within a context of enhanced economic production. 
 In Soviet terms, newsworthiness was something very different from the Western concept of what is newsworthy. Many Western stories were considered inappropriate covering domestic natural disasters, accidents, crime or other sensational events were considered dwelling on negative events. Thus, portraying the underside of life would encourage or suggest the wrong behavior, undermining the positive role models the newspaper or television station must portray in terms of their role as educators of the population (Mickiewicz, p. 29). 
 Advertising is scarce in the Soviet media system, used only to supplement policy messages or to encourage buying patterns to compensate for holes in the economy (Mickiewicz, p. 29). Fast-breaking news also had another meaning. The importance or newsworthiness of fast-breaking news was evaluated in terms of its place in history, in Marxist-Leninist history. Therefore, since history was seen according to this doctrine, coverage of a numerically insignificant group of demonstrators opposing a bourgeois government may have been considered newsworthy because it was important in terms of Marxist-Leninist history theory (Mickiewicz, p. 30). In essence the soviet communist system has some semblance of the authoritarian press system but the unique thing is that there is no element of profit in its operation.                   

Any real revolution involves masses of people breaking with the general ideas they have been brought up with and adopting a new way of seeing both the world and their own role within it. Revolutionaries always begin as minorities attempting to propagate the new world view. And that involves, for long periods of time, not only hostility from the old ruling class, but also indifference from many of the members of the oppressed class. There is no way to avoid this period of unpopularity, since in any society the ruling class does dominate ideologically. Its ideas are indeed the ruling ideas.

Revolutionaries cannot begin to win this battle for ideas unless they find some way of connecting with the experiences of the mass of ‘ordinary’ ‘non-political’ people. They have to be able to show that the revolutionary view of the world better fits with at least some of these experiences in a better way than does the dominant ideology.

But revolutionaries are not interested simply in winning people to new ideas. They also have to be concerned with getting people to act on the basis of these, to say not merely what is wrong, but also, above all, what is to be done. That is where the media comes in

Talk of the media under the Jerry Rawlings regime, the Quadaffi regime, the Hugo Chavez regime, the French revolution and the like. They all have the same concepts. As such their advantages are binding.

ADVANTAGES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MEDIA THEORY

·         THE MEDIA IS A STRONG RALLYING POINT TO EDUCATE THE MASSES

·         THE GOVERNMENT EXERCISES CONTROL TO GET ITS MESSAGE TO THE MASSES THE WAY IT WANTS IT

·         THE GOVERNMENT IS ABLE TO INSTILL CHANGE IN THE PEOPLE THROUGH THE MEDIA

·         VALUES SUCH AS PATRIOTISM CAN EASILY BE INSTILLED IN THE MASSES FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

·         THE GOVERNMENT FINDS A WAY OF CURBING INTRUDING PROPAGANDA BECAUSE IT CONTROLS THE MEDIA CONTENT.

·         THE MEDIA IS A MASSIVE TOOL FOR CAPACITY BUILDING AND DISSEMINATION OF GOVERNMENT POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION ESPECIALLY UNDER THE SOVIET COMMUNIST THEORY.

DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPANT MEDIA THEORY

Democratic-participant theory was proposed in recognition of new media developments and of increasing criticism of the dominance of the main mass media by private or public monopolies. From the 1960’s onwards call could be heard for alternative, grass-roots media, expressing the needs of citizens. The theory supports the right to relevant local information, the right to answer back and the right to use the new means of communication for interaction and social action in small-scale settings of community, interest groups or subculture. This theory challenged the necessity for and desirability of uniform, centralized, high-cost, commercialized, professionalized or state-controlled media. In their place should be encouraged multiple, small-scale, local, non-institutional, committed media which link senders to receivers and also favor horizontal patterns of interaction.

Practical expressions of the theory

The practical expressions of the theory are many and varied, including the underground or alternative press, community cable television, micro-media in rural settings, wall posters Media for women and ethnic minorities. The theory reflects the market as a suitable institutional form, as well as all top-down professional provision and control. Participation and interaction are key concepts.

Democratic-participant theory advocates media support for cultural pluralism at a grass-root level. Media are to be used to stimulate and empower pluralistic groups. Unlike social responsibility theory, which assumes that mass media can perform this function, democratic-participant theory call for development of innovative, ‘small’ media that can be directly controlled by group members. If they cannot afford such media, then government subsidies should be provided to them existing small media should by identified and funded. Training programs should be established to teach group members how to operate small media.

The democratic participant media is the type of media practiced in Ghana today with the freedom to the press. It is also very common for media outlets to make provision for their audience to have a say in their content through emailing phone-ins or articles. Media houses like TV3,Metro TV, The Graphic among others all operate in this way. The chief proponents of this theory however is the  United states of America and The United Kingdom, the home of CNN and BBC

STRENGTHS OF DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPANT THEORY

·         THE TARGET AUDIENCE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE THEIR VIEWS HEARD

·         THE TARGET AUDIENCE HAVE THE RIGHT TO ALTERNATIVE NEWS SOURCES

·         IT ADDRESSES THE INADEQUACIES OF THE AUTHORITARIAN AND LIBERTARIAN THEORIES

·         IT HELPS ELIMINATE MARGINALIZATION AS ALL PERSONS ARE GIVEN EQUAL ACCESS TO THE MEDIA.

·         MEDIA IS THE INSTRUMENT TO CHAMPION DEMOCRACY

·         IT PROMOTES SMALL GROUP MEDIA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Communism. Britannica Online [On-line], Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/138/32.html

 Communism Online [On-line], Available: http://wgel.com/CommunismOnline/MajorPlayers.htm. 

Marxism. Britannica Online [On-line], Available: http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/379/14.html.

Mickeiwicz, E. (1988). Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union. New York: Oxford University Press.

 http://www.slideshare.net/ArielForeman/normative-theory-2225358